D. Making sure that a person is taken care of by his own group.ª¤



14. In paragraph 4, how many examples are there ¡°as evidence of tribalism¡±?ª¤

A. Three. ¡¡¡¡B. Two. ¡¡¡¡C. One. ¡¡¡¡D. Four.ª¤



15. In the last paragraph (about 120) is in parentheses to show ____.ª¤

A. that it is unimportantª¤

B. how many tribes there areª¤

C. that it is a large number

D. how many people there areª¤ª¤



4

When people communicate faceª²toª²face, they convey information in several ways apart from by the words they use. Thus, how often they make eye contact and how long they sustain that contact can indicate their degree of intimacy, interest in or understanding of what they are communicating verbally. Their posture¡ªthe way they sit or stand¡ªcan reveal attention, interest, disagreement or boredom. The distance they sit or stand from one another and the angle at which they do also can suggest friendship, hostility or respect. These and other forms of nonverbal communication are so pervasive that we usually scarcely notice them. Their importance quickly becomes apparent, however, when for some reason they are lacking or unclear.

ª¥¡¡One occasion when most people notice the importance of nonverbal communication is when they are talking on the telephone. There is an unwritten rule of telephone conversations that the listener must supply frequent and regular confirmation that he or she is listening. This is done by saying ª«Aha, Mmhm, Yes, I see,ª« and so on. Failure to do this often enough may result in the speaker interrupting him or herself to ask if the other person is ¡°still there¡±. In faceª²toª²face conversation, this is unnecessary, as attention and understanding are conveyed silently, chiefly by eye contact and posture.

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